C The Greeks took calisthenics seriously not only as a form of military discipline and strength, but also as an artistic expression of movement and an aesthetically ideal physique.
Indeed, the term calisthenics itself is derived from the Greek words for beauty and strength. We know from historical records and images from pottery, mosaics and sculptures of the period that the ancient Olympians took calisthenics training seriously. They were greatly admired — and still are, today — for their combination of athleticism and physical beauty.
This expression has travelled through centuries and continents, and the source of this envy and admiration is the calisthenics method. This century saw the birth of gymnastics, an organised sport that uses a range of bars, rings, vaulting horses and balancing beams to display physical prowess. This period is also when the phenomena of strongmen developed. These were people of astounding physical strength and development who forged nomadic careers by demonstrating outlandish feats of strength to stunned populations.
Most of these men trained using hand balancing and horizontal bars, as modern weight machines had not yet been invented. But Atlas was the last of a dying breed. The tides were turning, fitness methods were drifting away from calisthenics, and no widely-regarded proponent of the method would ever succeed him. F In the s and s calisthenics and the goal of functional strength combined with physical beauty was replaced by an emphasis on huge muscles at any cost.
This became the sport of body building. Body building icons, people such as Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sergio Oliva, were called mass monsters because of their imposing physiques. Physical development of this nature was only attainable through the use of anabolic steroids, synthetic hormones which boosted muscle development while harming overall health. These body builders also relied on free weights and machines, which allowed them to target and bloat the size of individual muscles rather than develop a naturally proportioned body.
Calisthenics, with its emphasis on physical beauty and a balance in proportions, had little to offer the mass monsters. Although some of the strongest and most physically developed human beings ever to have lived acquired their abilities through the use of sophisticated calisthenics, a great deal of this knowledge was discarded and the method was reduced to nothing more than an easily accessible and readily available activity.
Those who mastered the rudimentary skills of calisthenics could expect to graduate to weight training rather than advanced calisthenics. H In recent years, however, fitness trends have been shifting back toward the use of calisthenics. Bodybuilding approaches that promote excessive muscle development frequently lead to joint pain, injuries, unbalanced physiques and weak cardiovascular health.
Modern practices often combine elements from a number of related traditions such as yoga, Pilates, kettle-ball training, gymnastics and traditional Greco-Roman calisthenics.
Many people are keen to recover the original Greek vision of physical beauty and strength and harmony of the mind-body connection. Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A—H, in boxes, 29—35 on your answer sheet. Write your answers in boxes 36—40 on your answer sheet. During the sixties and seventies, attaining huge muscles became more important than 36 ……………….. The first people to take up this new sport of body building had a background in calisthenics but the most famous practitioners became known as 37 ………………..
Drugs and mechanical devices were used to develop individual muscles to a monstrous size. Much of the advanced knowledge about calisthenics was lost and the method was subsequently downgraded to the status of a simple, user- friendly activity. Once a person became skilled at this, he would progress to 39 ……………….. Currently a revival of calisthenics is under way as extreme muscle building can harm the body leaving it sore, out of balance, and in poor 40 ………………..
Correct spelling is needed in all answers. General Training Test One: Section 1 1. TRUE FALSE TRUE Section 2 A Section 3 It will be interactive and as close to a real-life situation as a test can get. The Speaking test is minutes long and is in three parts. Part 1 You will answer questions about yourself and your family. Part 2 You will speak about a topic. Part 3 You will have a longer discussion about the topic introduced in Part 2.
How to practise This practice material is designed for two people working together. Find a study partner to help you practise. This might be a teacher or a friend. Take the three parts of this practice test one after another without a break to make your practice as realistic as possible. Remember, you need to speak fluently, clearly and accurately. It is important to say as much as you can and to be spontaneous. Do not prepare answers in advance.
Record yourself if you can so that you can go back and check your performance. Review your Speaking test Listen to your recordings and discuss your test with your study partner. Think about how you spoke. Were you fluent? Did your speech sound natural? Were you able to express yourself clearly? Use the audio recordings and transcripts in each section to gain an insight into the test format.
Note that these are not model answers, so do not try to imitate them. There are no 'answers'. You and your study partner will need to assess how well you do. The examiner will ask you to confirm your identity. He or she will then ask general questions on familiar topics such as home, family, work, studies and interests. Part 1 of the test will last minutes. How to practise You will need a study partner to practise the Speaking test. Ask your study partner to interview you using the questions below.
Record yourself if you can. This section of the Speaking test gives you the opportunity to speak for longer on a topic. You will be given one minute to prepare to talk about the topic on the task card. A pencil and paper will be provided for you to make notes. You will have to talk for minutes, and then the examiner will ask you one or two questions on the same topic. Part 2 takes minutes in total. How to practise Ask your study partner to listen while you speak about the task card topic.
You should talk for minutes. Your study partner should then ask you one or two questions on the same topic using the rounding off questions. Speaking test part 2: candidate task card Describe something you own which is very important to you.
You will have to talk about the topic for 1 to 2 minutes. You have one minute to think about what you're going to say. You can make some notes to help you if you wish. This part of the test is designed to give you the opportunity to talk about more abstract issues and ideas. It is a two-way discussion with the examiner, and will last minutes. How to practise Ask your study partner to prompt your practice test discussion using the questions below.
Try to speak as naturally and fluently as possible. Record your discussion if you can. Do you think that this candidate performed well? Think about how you can improve your own Speaking test.
What kind of place is it? And we have only little Candidate: On the top of a hill we have a little castle which is very old and quite well known in Switzerland.
Examiner: What kind of jobs do people in the village do? Candidate: We have some farmers in the village as well as people who work in Zurich as bankers or journalists or there are also teachers and some doctors, some medicines. Candidate: Yes. Although it is very quiet, it is … people are friendly and I would say it is a good place to live there, yes. Tell me about the kind of accommodation you live in Candidate: OK Examiner: Can you start speaking now, please?
One of the most important things I have is my piano because I like playing the piano. I can forget my problems and this is sometimes quite good for a few minutes.
Or I can play to relax or just, yes to … to relax and to think of something completely different. Examiner: Thank you. Would it be easy to replace this, this piano? In Switzerland, what kind of possessions do you think give status to people? Candidate: The first thing which comes in my mind is the car. Yes, because lots of people like to have posh cars or expensive cars to show their status, their place in the society.
Examiner: Is that a new development? Another thing is probably the clothing. It starts already when you are young. When the children go to school they want to have posh labels on their jumpers or good shoes. Examiner: What do you think of this way of thinking, that I need to have a car or certain clothes to show my status?
You can understand what I mean? Examiner: Yes. Text-based research makes a major contribution to Critical Discourse Analysis. The editors and authors of this book demonstrate the value of text analysis for awareness of the role of language for accountable citizenship and for teaching and learning.
This book will be of interest to anyone researching in the fields of language learning and teaching, functional linguistics, multimodality, social semiotics, systemic functional linguistics, text-based teaching, and genre analysis, as well as literacy teachers and undergraduate and postgraduate students of linguistics, media and education. Find Full eBook. Before starting the test, download and print the Listening and … The Listening test is the same for both Academic and General Training tests.
There are four sections: Section 1 is a conversation between two people set in an everyday context e. This book helps students integrate key words and phrases in their writing and speaking using the Academic word study sections, and it gives the motivated students lots of extra exam practice.
FOCUS is a rich, varied, carefully levelled course for upper secondary students. Specially designed to motivate older teens, FOCUS contains constantly-updated content and detailed reporting to help prepare them for exam success.
With its unique blended learning package, Focus is the flexible course that gets results. Motivation Language is brought to life through grammar animations, interactive videos and a Newsfeed of current, authentic news clips. Learning is tracked via personalised reporting in the online Gradebook. Development of language and exam strategies carefully levelled to the GSE.
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