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A short summary of this paper. Download Download PDF. Translate PDF. Because Ottoman State was so powerful in term of military and had been able to get whatever it wants by force, the diplomacy was restricted only making treaties or demanding surrender.
However, after turning the state to an empire, Mehmed the Conqueror adopted relatively more integrative policy to the West in terms of international trade and diplomacy. He gave capitulations to the Genoese and permanent delegation to the Venetians,2 but it was a partial integration, the empire still was mostly protecting its old-style, aggressive diplomatic policy.
The vital integration has been taken place in the seventeenth century, when the empire started to decline in its military and therefore in its economic power. Muhammad Ali, the khedive of Egypt, spoke no Arabic, but spoke in Turkish with the Greek in Alexandria, who originally came from northern Anatolia or Smyrna. Even the people are not as wicked as in Sidon. Often members of the same family who carried out the same role in different cities, the consuls were one of the driving forces of dynamism and modernity in the Levant cities.
People had to put aside their mistrust and prejudices and work together on a daily basis. Cosmopolitanism brought modernity. And what role did religion play? There were moments of contempt and persecution, usually at the time of war with a foreign power. It had to be tolerant, because in the 19th century, its grasp of technical things such as printing and clocks and shipping often needed foreign helps.
The Crimean War in Imperial Context, The Crimean conflict used to be fought faraway from its namesake peninsula in Ukraine. This ebook considers each one crusade from an imperial standpoint extending from South the US to Finland. Rifa'at 'Ali Abou-El-Haj reevaluates the tested old view of the Ottoman Empire as an japanese despotic countryside in decline and as an alternative analyzes it as a latest country such as modern states in Europe and Asia.
In this Asian city, Europe could be a political reality. In June and again for five months from October to February Russian ships seized Beirut — the first mainland Levantine port to be occupied by a foreign power since the crusades.
They obtained provisions by letting down baskets on string, or from foreign ships through the galleries at the back of their houses, without anyone touching land. Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived and worshipped as neighbors. Distinguished historian Philip Mansel is the first to recount the colorful, contradictory histories of Smyrna, Alexandria, and Beirut in the modern age. He begins in the early days of the French alliance with the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century and continues through the cities' mid-twentieth-century fates: Smyrna burned; Alexandria Egyptianized; Beirut lacerated by civil war.
Mansel looks back to discern what these remarkable Levantine cities were like, how they differed from other cities, why they shone forth as cultural beacons.
He also embarks on a quest: to discover whether, as often claimed, these cities were truly cosmopolitan, possessing the elixir of coexistence between Muslims, Christians, and Jews for which the world yearns.
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